翻译

短文

Linux
  For the computer enthusiast who wants to experiment with the internal components of an operating system, there is Linux. Linux is an operating system originally designed by Linus Torvalds while a student at the University of Helsinki. It is a nonproprietary product and available, along with its source code and documentation, without charge. Because it is freely available in source code form, it has become popular among computer hobbyists, students of operating systems , and programmers in general. Moreover, Linux is recognized as one of the more reliable operating systems available today. For this reason, several companies now package and market versions of Linux in an easily useable form and these products are now challenging the long -established commercial operating systems on the market. You can learn more about Linux from the Web site at http://www.linux.org.

Linux操作系统
  对于那些想尝试操作系统内部组件的计算机爱好者来说，Linux是一个不错的选择。Linux是一个由莱纳斯Turvald设计的操作系统，同时也是赫尔辛基大学的学生。它是一个非专有的产品，可以免费获得它的源代码和文档。因为它是以源代码的形式免费提供的，所以它在计算机爱好者、操作系统的学生和程序员中很受欢迎。此外，Linux被公认为当今最可靠的操作系统之一。出于这个原因，一些公司现在以一种易于使用的形式打包和销售Linux版本，而这些产品现在正在挑战市场上长期存在的商业操作系统。您可以从以下网站了解有关Linux的更多信息：http://www.linux.org.

段落

If one were to develop an application program as a set of machine instructions that is completely responsible for controlling the computer hardware ,one would be faced with an overwhelmingly complex undertaking.
  如果一个人把应用程序开发成一套完全负责控制计算机硬件的机器指令，他将面临一项极其复杂的任务。

A number of steps need to be performed to execute a program.Instructions and data must be loaded into main memory, I/O devices and files must be initialized, and other resources must be prepared. The OS handles these scheduling duties for the user.
  执行一个程序需要执行许多步骤。指令和数据必须装入主存，输入输出设备和文件必须初始化，其他资源必须准备好。操作系统为用户处理这些调度任务。
In each case ,the OS must provide a response that clears the error condition with the least impact on running applications.
  在每种情况下，操作系统都必须提供一个响应，以清除对正在运行的应用程序影响最小的错误条件。